The Truth about Orthodox Christianity Essay Example For Students

The Truth about Orthodox Christianity Essay As described inThe Grand Inquisitor by DostoevskyThe writings of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Helen Ellerbe show substantial evidence that the orthodox Christians did in fact steal from humanity the divine freedom it was promised by Jesus Christ. This thesis is supported in Dostoevskys The Grand Inquisitor from his book The Brothers Karamazov. The dark side of Christian history by Helen Ellerbe also supports this theory. The Inquisition itself shows credibility to the theory that orthodox Christianity was established to conquer and control the freedom of humans. 2. Orthodox Christianity has a history of trying to deceive humanity. In her book, Ellerbe proclaims that: Orthodox Christianity fostered humanitys shift towards a world view that pays little heed to the idea of divinity. (Ellerbe 165). In addition, the Grand Inquisitor claims it as a merit for himself and his Church that at last they have vanquished freedom and have done so to make men happy. (Dostoevsky 1081). 3. Reading The Grand Inquisitor while considering the history of early Christianity, the question can be asked, Did orthodox Christians really believe in God? Or is the God they believed in a guise that Christianity has put forward to have humanity believe in Him through its teachings only. The Roman Church had taken Gods celebrations of nature and converted them to Christian celebration. In The dark side of Christian history, Ellerbe supports this when she writes Unable to convince people of the absence of God in nature, the early Church instead incorporated aspects of the very nature worship it condemned (Ellerbe 143). We will write a custom essay on The Truth about Orthodox Christianity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 4. The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478. King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I requested the Inquisition. At first, The concern of the Inquisition in Spain was over the conversion of Marranos:Marranos were Jews that were converted to Christianity using force and pressure by society. It is estimated that by the end of the 14th century about 100,000 Jews had become Marranos, although the greater number of Jews openly adhered to their faith even at the risk of expulsion. Some Marranos actually accepted Christianity, but most of them practiced Judaism in secret, while others waited only for an opportunity to throw off their Christian disguise (Encarta 99). Later, the Inquisition turned to people of Islam and attempted to convert the in the same way they had done to the Jews. And, even later, to those suspected of being Protestants. The Spanish Inquisition was similar to the first inquisition that was started in France. It was centrally directed by the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, but its procedures were similar to its medieval counterpart. Although the Spanish Inquisition received approval from the Pope, the papacy turned the control of the Inquisition over to the King and Queen after only a few years of being started. The prose that Ivan Karamozov wrote in The Grand Inquisitor was set in Seville, Spain. 5. Dominican Churchmen, including Tomas de Torquemada, as well as other religious, were officers of the Inquisition. The most influential and notorious Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition was Tomas de Torquemada. Tomas was the first Grand Inquisitor and executed thousands of suspected heretics. It can be assumed, but not substantiated, that the Grand Inquisitor in Dostoevskys story is the same person or has a very close resemblance. Dostoevsky portrays the Grand Inquisitors attire: He is not dressed in his gorgeous cardinals robes. As he was the day before, when he was burning the enemies of the Roman Church. (Dostoevsky 1079). Of course, this is only speculation on my part since little more is known about the Inquisitors themselves. The Grand Inquisitor involves taking the man performing miracles in front of the cathedral prisoner. The Grand Inquisitor begins to question and threaten the Prisoner. 6. The Grand Inquisitor tells the Prisoner that the Prisoner himself had turned all his power over to the Pope: All has been given by Thee to the Pope, they say, and all, therefore, is still in the Popes hands (Dostoevsky 1080-1081). This idea is also in agreement in The dark side of Christian history where it is written: Christianity has helped to create a society in which people are alienated not only from each other but also from the divine. (Ellerbe 1). 7. The Grand Inquisitors statements and questions support the deceit of orthodox Christianity. He accuses the Prisoner of ignoring man: Thou didst reject the only way by which men might be happy. But, fortunately, departing Thou didst hand on the work to us. (Dostoevsky 1081). During that time of feeling ignored, Christianity was free to change many Pagan beliefs to be vilified or to conform to Christian ideals. The Prisoner, when asked to do so by the dread spirit had refused to turn rocks into loaves of bread. The Prisoner had turned away from providing Man food from Nature. The Church took this as another reason for Man to turn to it as their salvation. Dostoevsky writes: They will find us and cry to us, Feed us, for those who have promised us fire from heaven havent given it. Then, And we alone shall feed them in Thy name, declaring falsely that it is in Thy name. Oh, never, never can they feed themselves without us! (Dostoevsky 1082). Helen Ellerbe states that The Church spent c enturies prohibiting displays of reverence that involved nature. (Ellerbe 142). In addition to the forsaking of nature, The Grand Inquisitor accuses the Prisoner had given men freedom, but man could not handle the freedom that was given to them. The Church took over that feeling of freedom. For fifteen centuries we have been wrestling with Thy freedom, but now it is ended and over for good. (Dostoevsky 1081). And have concluded that they have taken control of mans freedom: But let me tell Thee now, today, people are more persuaded than ever that they have perfect freedom, yet they have brought their freedom to us and laid it humbly at our feet. (Dostoevsky 1081) and Modern thought most often validated Christian tenets. The perception that the universe operates like a machine or a clock corroborated St. Augustines contention that human beings have no free will. (Ellerbe 173). Even Mans freedom to celebrate was usurped by Orthodox Christianity. Humanity had been forced by the church t o consider their pagan events as Christian. Christian holidays were held at the same time. One of those holidays held most dear by humanity today, Christmas was made to correspond to the pagan celebration of the winter solstice. What we call Easter as Christians had virtually the same meaning as the pagan holidays Attis. (Ellerbe 148). .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .postImageUrl , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:hover , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:visited , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:active { border:0!important; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:active , .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8 .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18662857d519f3d357bb69a1f6b6eff8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Spiritual Root Of My Resilience Essay8. The Prisoner uses the performance of miracles to influence the people and have them worship Him. Whenever the words He, Him, Thee, and Thou are capitalized in all grammatical cases, we have become accustomed to referring to God and/or Jesus Christ. In The Great Inquisitor this remains the case. The Grand Inquisitor refers to the talk in the wilderness and says to the Prisoner, the great spirit talked with Thee in the wilderness, and we are told in the books that he tempted Thee. (Dostoevsky 1081). This statement was in reference to Satans temptation of Christ in the wilderness. 9. Simply touch the Prisoner or His garments performed miracles: He holds out His hands to them, blesses them, and a healing virtue comes from contact with Him, even with His garments. An old man in the crowd, blind from childhood, cries out, O Lord, heal me and I shall see Thee! and, as it were, scales fall from his eyes and the blind man sees Him.. (Dostoevsky 1079). 10. He raises the daughter of a prominent citizen from the dead: The procession halts, the coffin is laid on the steps at His feet. He looks with compassion, and His lips once more softly pronounce, Maiden, arise! and the maiden arises.. (Dostoevsky 1079). 11. These are miracles that Christians relate to Jesus Christ. Yet the orthodox Christians believed that death was a passing from an earth that was possessed by the devil to deliverance to God in heaven. Orthodox Christians, in their effort to conquer it, often ended up glorifying death. Jesuss most valuable act was understood to be not his miracles of healing or his message of love and peace, but rather his act of dying. The Bible states that the day of death is better than the day of ones birth. (Ellerbe 162). 12. HE is silent because talking would give support to the Churchs Inquisition. His appearance and aura alone shows understanding and love. It also shows that Jesus will not answer to the Grand Inquisitor. He will not admit that the Church is correct, but it puts him in a catch 22. If he does answer, the Church is justified in their Inquisition of Humanity. At points where He should be wrought with anger the Prisoner continues to look upon the Grand Inquisitor with consideration. His appearance and aura alone shows understanding and love. This is understood by the inquisitor and is firmly rejected, And why dost Thou look silently and searchingly at me with Thy mild eyes? Be angry. I dont want Thy love, for I love Thee not. (Dostoevsky 1086). The Grand Inquisitor receives his answer to all his questions and accusations at the end of the story. The Prisoner, still silent, places a kiss on the lips of the inquisitor. 13. The Grand Inquisitor joins the clever people. The inquisitor now understands that the Christians will never achieve their goals to bring people into harmony with themselves. As Ivan says in the story:You see, only suppose that there was one such man among all those who desire nothing but filthy material gain-if theres only one like my old Inquisitor, who had himself eaten roots in the desert and made frenzied efforts to subdue his flesh to make himself free and perfect. But yet all his life he loved humanity, and suddenly his eyes were opened, and he saw that it is no great moral blessedness to attain perfection and freedom, if at the same time one gains the conviction that millions of Gods creatures have been created as a mockery, that they will never be capable of using their freedom, that these poor rebels can never turn into giants to complete the tower, that it was not for such geese that the great idealist dreamt his dream of harmony. Seeing all that he turned back and join ed- the clever people. (Dostoevsky 1089). .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .postImageUrl , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:hover , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:visited , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:active { border:0!important; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:active , .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0 .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b27000291c484f94b02a206251294b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on My Opinion On Teaching Philosophy14. The Grand Inquisitor was an atheist but could not break away from orthodox Christianity. This was the Inquisitors secret in the entire story. The Grand Inquisitor could not deny Him as could the clever people that he joined. They have no such great cleverness and no mysteries and secrets. . . .Perhaps nothing but Atheism, thats all their secret. Your Inquisitor does not believe in God, thats his secret. (Dostoevsky 1089). 15. The Inquisition was the vehicle by which the Church could cover-up its lies to humanity. This has been shown by Ivan Karamozov, in an excerpt from The Grand Inquisitor: My story is laid in Spain, in Seville, in the most terrible time of the Inquisition, when fires were lighted every day to the glory of God, (Dostoevsky 1078). In the The dark side of Christian history it is stated that, the Church turned its force against European society itself, launching a brutal assault upon southern France and instituting the Inquisi-tion. (Ellerbe 3). Therefore when people in the 15th century spoke of freedom, it was only the freedom that the Church allowed them to have. 16. The Grand Inquisitor proves the thesis of this paper. Ivan says:he sees that he (the Inquisitor) must follow the counsel of the wise spirit, the dread spirit of death and destruction, and therefor accept lying and deception, and lead men consciously to death and destruction, and yet deceive them all the way so that they may not notice where they are being led, that the poor blind creatures may at least on the way think themselves happy. (Dostoevsky 1089). 17. Also, Ellerbe states: The perception that the Universe operates like a machine or a Clock corroborated St. Augustines contention that human beings have no free will. (Ellerbe 173). And Atheism simply extended the Christian idea that God is distant and removed from the physical world. Once people accepted that, it was not difficult to believe that God did not exist at all (Ellerbe 171). 18. All the historical evidence of the Inquisition and the writings of Dostoevsky and Ellerbe show substantial evidence that the orthodox Christians did in fact steal from humanity the divine freedom it was promised by Jesus Christ. Works CitedEllerbe, Helen. The dark side of Christian history. San Rafael, CA: Morningstar Books, 1995. Dostoevsky, Fyodor; The Grand Inquisitor from The Brothers Karamozov. Taken from Literature of the Western World by Wilke, Brian, and Hurt, JamesMicrosoft Encarta 99, Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1998.

Pros and Cons of Utlizing a Traditional Grading Scale

Pros and Cons of Utlizing a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is archaic with roots extending back to early education. This scale is commonplace in schools as most incorporate the traditional A-F grading scale as the core of student assessment. This scale may also have additional components such as incomplete or pass/fail courses. The following example of a traditional grading scale is what most schools in the United States rely on to evaluate student performance. A 90-100%B 80-89%C 70-79%D 60-69%F 0-59%I IncompleteU UnsatisfactoryN Needs ImprovementS Satisfactory In addition, many schools attach a system of pluses and minuses to extend the traditional grading system to quantify and establish a more tiered traditional grading scale. For example, a 90-93 is an A-, 94-96 is an A, and 97-100 is an A The traditional grading scale has been embraced by many schools across the country. This practice does have many opponents who feel that it is outdated and that there are more beneficial alternatives available. The remainder of this article will highlight some of the pros and cons of utilizing the traditional grading scale. Pros of a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is universally recognized. Virtually everyone knows that earning an A is good while earning an F is associated with failure.The traditional grading scale is easy to interpret and understand. The simplistic nature of the system makes it user-friendly for teachers, students, and parents.The traditional grading scale allows for direct comparison from one student to another within a specific class. A student with an 88 in a 7th-grade geography class is performing better than another student with a 62 in the same class. Cons of a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is easy to manipulate because it is often subjective in nature. For example, one math teacher may require students to show work, while another may only require answers. Therefore, a student making an A in one teachers class may be making a C in another teachers class even though the quality of the work they are doing is identical. This can make it difficult for schools and decision-makers who are trying to compare students using a traditional grading scale.The traditional grading scale is limited because it does not show what a student is learning or what they should be learning. It provides no explanation for why or how a student ended up with a particular grade. The traditional grading scale leads to hours of subjective grading and fosters a testing culture. While it may be simple for teachers to understand, it takes a lot of time to create and grade the assessments that drive the traditional grading system. Furthermore, it promotes a testing culture b ecause they are simpler to score than other assessment practices typically are.

How have oil prices affected our economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How have oil prices affected our economy - Essay Example This abnormal worldwide condition reduces the value – the purchasing power – of money and it buys less than it previously did. Hovering at $130 a barrel in June of 2008, oil price has fast become a central problem affecting global politics. Nations with oil supplies recognize the scarcity and importance of oil and deal with any government and the proceeds may be lost either to corruption or may deprive other countries of a much-needed development. It is a huge investment (oil), that some governments use this as leverage for threats and financial advancement. As this has become a global phenomenon, the increasing oil prices have been felt more significantly in the airline industry and other industries as well. The high fuel prices have affected the number of cities major airlines serve as they battle to rise above the oil crisis. Jet fuel prices prompted an airline company (the Alaska Air) to even end its international flights on July of this year to curb the costs of maintaining its company afloat on a floundering market availability of oil alone (â€Å"Oil and Gasoline,† 2008). One can fairly observe the downtrend of most flights in commercial air service as well as this also affected through rising air fares where traditionally, air fares are cheap and commuter-friendly. This turmoil in aviation trickled even in earnings projection that foresee a collapsing and a bleak revenue outlook until next year. Due to these developments, airlines have been forced to cut jobs on their employees thereby increasing the statistics on unemplo yment and job security of employees is waning. The oil surge is spreading economic gloom as thousands turn jobless after companies dependent on oil such as the airline industry struggle to make ends meet and stay afloat in the business. As the shocked employees of airlines investors and airlines companies affected by the oil price increase

Demonstrations in Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demonstrations in Middle East - Research Paper Example This demonstrations, all summed up, are referred to as the Arab Spring (Lindsey, 2013). The demonstrations have shared some methods of civil resistance in nonstop campaigns involving protests, strikes, rallies and marches, as well as the efficient use of the social media so as to organize, raise awareness and effectively communicate in the face of government efforts at internet censorship and repression (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). A majority of the Arab Spring protests have been met with brutal responses from law enforcement, as well as from counter-demonstrators and pro-government militias. These attacks have been responded to with violence from protestors in a number of cases. A key slogan of the protestors in the Middle East has been â€Å"the people want to overthrow the regime† (Lindsey, 2013). Some critics have drawn links between the Arab Spring and the Revolutions of 1989, which swept through the Second World and Eastern Europe, in terms of their significance an d scale (Lindsey, 2013). The Arab Spring caused a series of ground-breaking movements, which are exceptional in that they used social media as a useful means to spread information and enhance rebellious agendas. This discovery needs consideration in all future literatures of revolution, as well as the notions of narrative, ideology, momentum and unifying causes (Lindsey, 2013). The Arab Spring is the first joint movement of its sort in the Middle East following the social media and internet revolutions of the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and techniques, tactics and procedures used by resistance movements during the Arab Spring might also affect future movements (Hearns, 2012). This paper will discuss the demonstrations in the Middle East and specifically focus on how the social media helped spawn these demonstrations. The paper will also discuss how the influential use of social media to help foster the Arab Spring will also affect future revolutionary movements. Followin g the latest events taking place in Syria, Iraq, Iran and other Middle East states, a significant amount of awareness has been centered on the notion of collective activism and democracy, which goes on to untangle before Western eyes across mass media (Lindsey, 2013). Also, significant has been the position of the social media, as well as digital technologies, in permitting people in areas distressed by the demonstrations, as a way for joint activism, to evade channels of state-run media. Nine out of 10 Syrians and Iraqis responded to a survey that they used Facebook or Twitter to spread awareness and organize protests. In addition, 28% of Syrians and 29% of Iraqis from the same study said that blocking Facebook significantly disrupted and/or hindered communication (Lindsey, 2013). The power of social media on political revolution during the Middle East demonstrations has received considerable debated (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). Some researchers have debated that digital tech nologies, as well as other methods of communication such as cellular phones, videos, blogs, text messages and photos, have led to the theory of a 'digital democracy' in parts of the Middle East affected by the mass demonstrations (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). Others have argued that so as to comprehend the role of social media during these demonstrations, it should be first be comprehended that in the context of high

Google and Education Essay Example for Free

Google and Education Essay Google is today’s era is contextual to the education. The Google application is spreading tremendously in the field of education whether it is through the Google search engine for searching different information or through the books and scholarly articles search. Children of all ages and of numerous courses from different parts of world are using the Google as an educational package. The students are finding the Google as a much promising website for searching the valuable information. Many students have participated in the Google project. Using Google Docs Spreadsheets the student aware of different educational virtues like Google Earth has provided the student about the different perspectives related to the earth. The Google has empowered the education with many descent tools like mail, calendar, Google Earth, Books, Scholarly articles and others. The Google has offered the students with its application and provide them the power of fast communication like email, instant messaging, calendar and other. The Google has made the information and knowledge to be shared all over the world speedily and effectively without any error. The Google has outspread the knowledge transfer by providing huge data storage either through books or through mails. The embedded Google presentation like power point has conceptualized the idea of knowledge transfer interactively as the presentation on slides is much better and effective than reading books. The Google images have provided the stuff related to each and every field. The Google images have provided the teachers and professors to make their presentations more effective as compared to earlier. The Google images have covered all the fields like geography, buildings and other stuffs. Earlier in making slides, the teachers and professors had to spend a lot of time. Today by the Google images, the photographs can be converted into slides very easily. This is experienced by the many of the students and scholars. The Google has provided huge area illustrations from every period and from every field whether it is related to the nature or related to the history. The Google has provided the material at the fingertips of the people. Now the people can make their slides and transparencies on their own. The Google News has given a platform for viewing the news and information of whole world. The students can get through the numerous perspectives of the knowledge. The different area of information in the world is covered by the Google through the Google news. The Google Notebook has the feature for the student as a tool of research. The student can paraphrase and refine the educational material through it. By the Google Notebook the student can share their knowledge also to their colleague and with their mentors. Even they can public their knowledge to the others also. Thus the knowledge sharing is made easy by the Google. The Google has announced to launch the Google Apps Platform in the Arizona State University and the schools which are using the Google APIs including the e-mail gateways also. This contains the tools from the Google like Gmail, Google Talk, and Google Calendar. The virtues from this pack includes the back-end infrastructure like directories, single logon platforms etc. The Google uses the effective values such as the security Assertion Markup Language to support single logon and an XML interface based on Representational State Transfer to link to directory services. These services are being used by the users frequently. These services for the educational purpose are an effective step taken by the Google to incorporate the whole knowledge sharing easy. The Google is incorporating its educational packs and services all over the world for making the education interactive and easy. The Google search engine is the most efficient tool provided by the Google up to now. One can search the whole websites according to his requirements. The different articles, bolgs and other information, needed by the students and others can be obtained easily. The people can search the whole stuff he need on the internet in every area of the world. The new updates from the different websites are included and updated by the Google frequently and regularly. This feature of updating the data resources has included by the Google which is appreciated by the scholars all over the world. The Google Earth has incorporated the users for educational purposes. The users can search the roads, geographical features, maps through the Google Earth. The student can search different locations through the Google Earth. The student can see different historical features also and take them into their studies. The Google Earth has incorporated the three-dimensional view also to locate the buildings, and other historical buildings also. The maps on the Google Earth can also be viewed and studied through the Google Earth. The Google Reader has been termed as the inbox of the web by the users. The Google Reader was termed as a must tool for the academic students. The users can find current information on the Google Reader. The student related to every discipline can find the information related to its field. The versatility of the Google Reader has incorporated different fields. It contains the information related to the medicines, history, as well as related to the geography and other fields also. This feature has made the Google Reader, a powerful tool for the education purpose. The Google Book Search has empowered the users for exploring the books written by the author in different parts of the world. The books are updated regularly by the Google. The Google Book Search option has enabled the student to read the books free of cost. The Google Book Search has incorporated numerous features like updating the list of editions, references to the Scholarly Work about the books, related articles, selected pages from the books and others. Even one can search the books according to its key words search. The Google has shown the way for exploration in education according to every perspective. The users can explore the Google as a knowledge database for their requirements. The Google has helped the education a lot. The educational knowledge provided by the Google has helped the students as well as the scholars, teachers and professors also. The different features and tools from the Google have helped the education for the growth of the students. References: 1) Max W. Fischer, Gaga Over Google: Photo Images Bring Lessons to Life, Education World. http://www. education-world. com/a_curr/voice/voice121. shtml 2) Google More†¦an Introduction to Google in Education, CUE Conference-Palm Springs, California, Monday, March 05, 2007. http://jakespeak. blogspot. com/2007/03/google-morean-introduction-to-google-in. html 3) Fontana, John, Google education app hints at plan for service, Network World, Monday, October 16 2006. http://www. allbusiness. com/technology/computer-software-programming/4092190-1. html 4) Jeff VanDrimmelen, Google and Education, February 2nd, 2007. http://www. edutechie. com/2007/02/google-and-education/ 5) Jeff VanDrimmelen, Google Reader and the Academic Community, October 31st, 2006. http://www. edutechie. com/2006/10/google-reader-and-the-academic-community/ 6) Mehran Sahami, About the Google Education Summit, 10/26/2007. http://googleblog. blogspot. com/2007/10/about-google-education-summit. html

Biofuel is An Alternative Energy Source Essay -- Power Energy Bio Fuel

Biofuel: An Alternative Energy Source Abstract As the world’s source of fossil fuels diminishes, another source of energy must replace fossil fuels. This paper evaluates biofuel, one alternative form of energy by showing what biofuel is, how it works, its historical use, and benefits and drawbacks it pertains. I hypothesized that biofuel would be an effective alternative energy. My conclusion does not support my claim, but in terms of worldwide usage. Introduction: With the world’s source of fossil fuels depleting, we need to find an alternative energy source. Biofuel is one considerable option. Although biofuel has not been used widespread, it has been used quite extensively in several countries. Such countries include Sri Lanka, China, India, and countries/regions in Africa that have large amounts of wood. Biofuel has appeared to be fairly effective in developing areas, and other countries have started using it. Background Biofuel is energy that is harvested from biomass through incineration, or combustion of the material. Such biomass materials may include wood, paper, charcoal, crop residue, and agricultural waste. Biofuel is renewable, because such biomass materials can be produced to create biofuel. Many rural areas use biofuels as their major energy source, because biomass tends to be abundant in such areas. Sub-saharan areas depend a lot upon wood. The combustion of biomass releases sources of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, Biofuel 3 and hydrocarbons. There are many types of biofuel; some common ones include methanol and ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The combustion of manure produces one type of biofuel known as biogas, which composes of 65% methane. Biogas can be harvested from manure through a process... ...gy/1183636805.22/?searchterm=biofuel 3. (2003). A History of Biodiesel/Biofuels. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Yokako Biofuels Web site: http://www.ybiofuels.org/bio_fuels/history_biofuels.html 4. Giampietro, M., Ulgiati, S., & Pimentel, D. Feasability of Large-Scale Biofuel Production. JStor, Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.jstor.org/view/00063568/ap040415/ 04a00080/13?citationAction=save&charset=u&frame=noframe 5. West, Larry The Pros and Cons of Biofuel. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from About.com: Environmental Issues Web site: http://environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/a/biofuels.htm 6. Yevich, R., & Logan, J.A. (June 30, 2002). An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world . Global Biogeochemical Cycles i>, Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://www.whrc.org/ policy/COP/India/Yevich%20and%20Logan.%202003.pdf. Biofuel is An Alternative Energy Source Essay -- Power Energy Bio Fuel Biofuel: An Alternative Energy Source Abstract As the world’s source of fossil fuels diminishes, another source of energy must replace fossil fuels. This paper evaluates biofuel, one alternative form of energy by showing what biofuel is, how it works, its historical use, and benefits and drawbacks it pertains. I hypothesized that biofuel would be an effective alternative energy. My conclusion does not support my claim, but in terms of worldwide usage. Introduction: With the world’s source of fossil fuels depleting, we need to find an alternative energy source. Biofuel is one considerable option. Although biofuel has not been used widespread, it has been used quite extensively in several countries. Such countries include Sri Lanka, China, India, and countries/regions in Africa that have large amounts of wood. Biofuel has appeared to be fairly effective in developing areas, and other countries have started using it. Background Biofuel is energy that is harvested from biomass through incineration, or combustion of the material. Such biomass materials may include wood, paper, charcoal, crop residue, and agricultural waste. Biofuel is renewable, because such biomass materials can be produced to create biofuel. Many rural areas use biofuels as their major energy source, because biomass tends to be abundant in such areas. Sub-saharan areas depend a lot upon wood. The combustion of biomass releases sources of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, Biofuel 3 and hydrocarbons. There are many types of biofuel; some common ones include methanol and ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The combustion of manure produces one type of biofuel known as biogas, which composes of 65% methane. Biogas can be harvested from manure through a process... ...gy/1183636805.22/?searchterm=biofuel 3. (2003). A History of Biodiesel/Biofuels. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Yokako Biofuels Web site: http://www.ybiofuels.org/bio_fuels/history_biofuels.html 4. Giampietro, M., Ulgiati, S., & Pimentel, D. Feasability of Large-Scale Biofuel Production. JStor, Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.jstor.org/view/00063568/ap040415/ 04a00080/13?citationAction=save&charset=u&frame=noframe 5. West, Larry The Pros and Cons of Biofuel. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from About.com: Environmental Issues Web site: http://environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/a/biofuels.htm 6. Yevich, R., & Logan, J.A. (June 30, 2002). An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world . Global Biogeochemical Cycles i>, Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://www.whrc.org/ policy/COP/India/Yevich%20and%20Logan.%202003.pdf.

Bribery and Corruption Police Corruption

The word corrupt when used as an adjective literally means â€Å"utterly broken†. The word was first used by Aristoteles and later by Cicero who added the terms bribe and abandonment of good habits. According to Morris, corruption is described as the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Senior, however, defines corruption as an action to (a) secretly provide (b) a good or a service to a third party (c) so that he or she can influence certain actions which (d) benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both (e) in which the corrupt agent has authority. Scales of corruptionCorruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the every day structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corrup tion). Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and within established social frameworks and governing norms. Examples include the exchange of small improper gifts or use of personal connections to obtain favors.This form of corruption is particularly common in developing countries and where public servants are significantly underpaid. Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption.The government system in many countries is divided into the legislative, executive and judiciary branches in an attempt to provide independent services that are less prone to corruption due to their independence. Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption)[5] is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organ ization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity.Specific acts  of corruption include â€Å"bribery, extortion, and embezzlement† in a system where â€Å"corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception.† Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as the Post-Soviet states both types occur.Corruption in different sectorsCorruption can occur in different sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs.Government/Public SectorPublic sector corruption is one of the more insidious forms of corruption; a corrupt governing body can lead to widespread effects in the rest of society. Recent r esearch by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers faceLegislative System (Political)Main article: Political corruptionA political cartoon from Harper's Weekly, January 26, 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: â€Å"THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES.† Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes[10] It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money.Executive System (Police)Main article: Police corruptionPo lice corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting  organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities.Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects — for example, through the use of falsified evidence. More rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission.Judiciary SystemJudicial Corruption refers to corruption related misconduct of judges, th rough receiving or giving bribes, improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other such misconduct. Governmental corruption of judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the government (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private.CorporateMain article: Corporate crimeAs corporations and business entities grow larger, sometimes with a monetary turnover many times that of small countries, the threat of corruption in the business world, within the organization, in dealings with other organ isations and in dealings with the government is a looming and growing threat.UnionsLabor racketeering is the domination, manipulation, and control of a labor movement in order to affect related businesses and industries. It can lead to the denial of workers’ rights and inflicts an economic loss on the workers, business, industry, insurer, or consumer. The historical involvement of La Cosa Nostra in labor racketeering has been thoroughly documented: More than one-third of the 58 members arrested in 1957 at the  Apalachin conference in New York listed their employment as â€Å"labor† or â€Å"labor-management relations.†Three major U.S. Senate investigations have documented La Cosa Nostra’s involvement in labor racketeering. One of these, the McClellan Committee, in the late-1950s, found systemic racketeering in both the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union. In 1986, the President†™s Council on Organized Crime reported that five major unions—including the Teamsters and the Laborers International Union of North America—were dominated by organized crime. In the early 1980s, former Gambino Family Boss Paul Castellano was overheard saying, â€Å"Our job is to run the unions.†Labor unions provide a rich source for organized criminal groups to exploit: their pension, welfare, and health funds. There are approximately 75,000 union locals in the U.S., and many of them maintain their own benefit funds. In the mid-1980s, the Teamsters controlled more than 1,000 funds with total assets of more than $9 billion. The FBI currently has several investigative techniques to root out labor law violations: electronic surveillance, undercover operations, confidential sources, and victim interviews.They also have numerous criminal and civil statutes to use at their disposal, primarily through the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Statute. Citation needed The Teamsters are the best example of how efficiently the civil RICO process can be used. For decades, the Teamsters has been substantially controlled by La Cosa Nostra. In recent years, four of eight Teamster presidents were indicted, yet the union continued to be controlled by organized crime elements. The government has been fairly successful at removing the extensive criminal influence from this 1.4 million-member union by using the civil process.